Publications
Books and Monographs:
2004 Fragaszy, D, Visalberghi, E & Fedigan, LM. The Complete Capuchin Monkey: The Biology of the Genus Cebus. Cambridge University Press. Available here. Reviews of The Complete Capuchin appear in Int J Primatol 26(2):507-8 (2005); Primates 46:223-4 (2005); Am J Primatol 68#5 (2006); Am J Phys Anthropol 30(3):419 (2006).
2000 Strum, SC & Fedigan, LM. (eds) Primate Encounters. Models of Science, Gender and Society. University of Chicago Press. Available here. Reviews of Primate Encounters appear in Am J Primatol 56:245-9 (2002); Am J Phys Anthropol 116(2):178-9 (2001); Antiquity 74 (2000); Biol & Phil 17:285-99 (2002); Biol Digest 27(7) (2001); Config (2003) 11(1): 129-32; Ethol 106:9 (2000); Ethol, Ecol & Evol 13(3) (2001); Frankfurt A Zeitung Feb (2001), Gorilla J 21(2001), Int J Primatol 32(1): 227-9 (2002), Isis 93(1): 168-9 (2002); J Hist Beh Sci 38(1):99-100 (2002); Primate Eye 75: 52-3 (2001); Primate Tidings 4 (2001); Primates 46(2): 276-9 (2001); Times Lit Supp. Aug 16 (2002).
1992 Fedigan, LM. Primate Paradigms (Second Edition). University of Chicago Press. Available here.
1991 Fedigan, LM & Asquith, PJ. (eds) The Monkeys of Arashiyama: 35 Years of Research in Japan and the West. SUNY Press. Available here. Reviews of The Monkeys of Arashiyama appear in: Am J Phys Anthropol 87:239-41; Am Anth 95:167-68; Ethology 93:258-64; Primates 33:148-150.
1982 Fedigan, LM. Primate Paradigms: Sex Roles and Social Bonds. Montr: Eden Press. Reviews of Primate Paradigms appear in: Am Anth 85:701‑2; Am J Phys Anthropol 61: 269‑77; Am J Primatol 4:99‑100; Anim Behav 31:2; Int J Anthropol 12: 111‑113; Man 18(3):607‑8; Nature 302:359; Psych Rep 52:1011; Rev in Anth 11(2):79‑87; Science 219:281; Z Tierpsychol 66(3‑4):356.
1976 Fedigan, LM. A study of roles in the Arashiyama West troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). A Monograph in the Series: Contributions to Primatology, volume 9. Basel: S. Karger Publishing.
Journal Articles and Book Chapters:
(click on links for access/download to articles)
2024 Campos F, Wikberg E, Orkin J, Snyder-Mackler N, Cheves S, Fedigan L, Gurven M, Higham J, Jack K, Melin A. Wild capuchins as a model system for investigating the social and ecological determinants of aging. Phil Trans Royal Soc B. (In Press)
2023 DePasquale AN, Hogan JD, Villalobos-Suarez C, Mah MA, Martin J-C, Fedigan LM, Rothman JM, Melin AD. Does color vision type drive dietary and nutritional niche differentiation in wild capuchins (Cebus imitator). Anim Behav 205:89-106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.08.016
2023 Turner SE, Fedigan LM, Joyce MM, Matthews HD, Moriarty RJ, Nobuhara H, Nobuhara T, Stewart B, Shimuzu K. Mothers of disabled infants had higher fecal cortisol levels in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques. Am J Primatol https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23500
2022 Fedigan LM. My path to primatology. Some stories from the field. PRIMATES. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-022-00994-2
2022 Brasington L, Kulick N, Hogan J, Fedigan L, Jack K. The impact of alpha male replacements on reproductive seasonality and synchrony in white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator). Am J Bio Anth. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24579
2022 Eppley T (& 108 co-authors incl Fedigan LM). Descending from the trees: factors favoring transitions to terrestriality in primates of Madagascar and the Americas. PNAS 119, No42. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121105119
2022 Wikberg EC, Jack K, Campos FA, Bergstrom M, Kawamura S, Fedigan L. Should I stay or should I go now? Dispersal decisions and reproductive success in male white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator). Beh Ecol & Sociobiol 76:88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-022-03197-3
2022 Campos FA, Altmann J, Cords M, Fedigan LM, Lawler R, Lonsdorf EV, Stoinski TS, Strier KB, Bronikowski A, Pusey AE, Alberts SC. Female reproductive aging in seven primate species: patterns and consequences. PNAS https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117669119
2021 Kulick NK, Cheves S, Chaves-Cordero C, Lopez R, Romero Morales S, Fedigan LM, Jack KJ. Female-committed infanticide followed by juvenile-enacted cannibalism in wild white-faced capuchins. PRIMATES 62: 1037-1043 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00949-z
2021 Fedigan LM, Hogan J, Campos F, Kalbitzer U, Jack K. Costs of male infanticide for female capuchins: when does an adaptive male strategy become costly for females and detrimental to population viability? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 176(3), 349–360 doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24354
2021 Colchero, F, Aburto JM, Archie EA, Boesch C, Breuer T, Campos FA, Collins A, Conde DA, Cords M, Crockford C, Emery Thompson M, Fedigan LM ... Alberts SC. The long lives of primates: implications for the "invariant rate of ageing" hypothesis Nature Communications 12: 3666 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23894-3
2021 Williamson RE, Webb S, Dubreuil CJ, Lopez R, Cheves S, Fedigan L, Melin A. Sharing spaces: niche differentiation in diet and substrate use among wild capuchin monkeys. Anim Behav https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.06.002
2021 DePasquale A, Webb S, Williamson R, Fedigan L, Melin A. Testing the niche differentiation hypothesis in wild capuchin monkeys with polymorphic color vision. Behavioral Ecology, 32 (4), 599–608, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab001
2021 Zipple MN, Altmann J, Campos FA, Cords M, Fedigan LM, Lawler RR, Lonsdorf E, Perry S, Pusey A, Stoinski TS, Strier KB, Alberts SC. Beyond orphaned infants: novel effects of maternal death in wild primates. PNAS 118(1): e2015317118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2015317118
2020 Vayro JV, Ziegler TE, Fedigan LM, Crotty A, Fox SA, Sicotte P. Direct stacked investment is a flexible strategy for female black and white colobus monkeys. Int J Primatol 49: 1-12. doi:10.1007/s10764-020-00183-2
2020 Fedigan LM. Reflections of an imperfect anthropologist. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 49: 1-12. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-121819-093903
2020 Nishikawa M, Ferrero N, Cheves S, Lopez R, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM, Melin AD, Jack KM. Infant cannibalism in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys. Ecology and Evolution 10: 12679-12684. doi:10.1002/ece3.6901
2020 Melin AD, Jack KM, Hogan JD, Campos FA, Wikberg E, King-Bailey G, Webb S, Kalbitzer U, Asensio N, Murillo-Chacon E, Cheves-Hernandez S, Guadamuz-Chavarria A, Schaffner CM, Kawamura S, Aureli F, Fedigan LM. Primate life history, social dynamics, ecology and conservation: contributions from long-term research in the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste. Biotropica 52: 1041-1064. doi:10.1111/btp.12867
2020 Owen KC, Melin AD, Campos FA, Fedigan LM, Gillespie TW, Menhill DJ. Bioacoustic analyses reveal that bird communities recover with forest succession in tropical dry forests. Avian Conservation and Ecology 15(1): 25. doi:10.5751/ACE-01615-150125
2020 Campos FA, Kalbitzer U, Melin AD, Hogan JD, Cheves SE, Murillo-Chacon E, Guadamuz A, Myers MS, Schaffer CM, Jack KM, Aureli F, Fedigan LM. Differential impact of severe drought on infant mortality in two sympatric neotropical primates. Royal Society Open Science 7: 200402. doi:10.1098/rsos.200302
2020 Espitia-Contreras JP, Fedigan LM, Turner SE. Social grooming efficiency and techniques are influenced by manual impairment in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). PloS One. doi:10.1371.journal.pone.0228978
2020 Bergstrom ML*, Kalbitzer U* (*joint first-authors), Campos FA, Melin AD, Emery Thompson M, Fedigan LM. Non-invasive estimation of the costs of feeding competition in a neotropical primate. Hormones and Behavior 118: 104632. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104632
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2019 Bergstrom ML, Hogan JD, Melin AD, Fedigan LM. The nutritional importance of invertebrates to female Cebus capucinus imitator in a highly seasonal tropical dry forest. Am J Phys Anth 170:207-216. doi:10.1002/ajpa23913
2019 Hogan JD, Jack KJ, Campos FA, Kalbitzer U, Fedigan LM. Group vs population level demographics: an analysis of comparability using long term data on wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator). Am J Primatol 81:e23027. doi:10.1002/ajp.23027
2018 Jack KM, Fedigan LM. Alpha male capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) as keystone individuals. In: Primate Life Histories, Sex Roles and Adaptability- Essays in Honour of Linda M Fedigan. Kalbitzer U & KM Jack (eds.), Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York. pp 91-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_6
2018 Pavelka MSM, Brent LJN, Croft DP, Fedigan LM. Post-fertile lifespan in female primates and cetaceans. In: Primate Life Histories, Sex Roles and Adaptability- Essays in Honour of Linda M Fedigan. Kalbitzer U & KM Jack (eds.), Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York. pp 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_3
2018 Wikberg EC, Jack KM, Fedigan LM, Karamura S. The effects of dispersal and reproductive patterns on the evolution of male sociality in white-faced capuchins. In: Primate Life Histories, Sex Roles and Adaptability- Essays in Honour of Linda M Fedigan. Kalbitzer U & KM Jack (eds.), Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York. pp 117-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_7
2018 Bergstrom ML, Melin AD, Myers MS, Fedigan LM. Dietary profile, food composition and nutritional intake of female white-faced capuchins. In: Primate Life Histories, Sex Roles and Adaptability- Essays in Honour of Linda M Fedigan. Kalbitzer U & KM Jack (eds.), Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York. pp 213-243. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98285-4_11
2018 Fedigan LM. "Elisabetta Visalberghi". In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Vonk J & T Shackleford (eds.), Springer Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1641
2018 Hogan JD, Fedigan LM, Hiramatsu C, Kawamura S, Melin AD. Trichromatic perception of flower colour improves resource detection among New World monkeys. Scientific Reports: doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28997-4
2017 Brasington, LF, Wikberg EC, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM, Jack, LM. Infant mortality in white-faced capuchins: the impact of male replacements. Am J Primatol: doi: 10.1002/ajp.22725
2017 Campos FA, Alberts SC, Altmann J, Brockman DK, Cords M, Morris WF, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Strier K, Fedigan LM. Does climate influence the demography of wild primates? Evidence from long-term life-history data in seven species. Global Change Biology: doi: 10.111/gcb13754
2017 Melin AD, Chiou KL, Walco ER, Bergstrom ML, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM. Trichromacy increases fruit intake rates of wild capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator). Proc Nat Acad Sci: doi: 10.1073/pnas1705957114
2017 Bergstrom M, Emery Thompson M, Melin A, Fedigan LM. Using urinary parameters to estimate seasonal variation in the physical condition of female white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator). Am J Phys Anth: 163(4): 707-715. doi:10.1002/ajpa23239
2017 Fedigan LM. Capuchin monkeys (Cebus). In: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. A Fuentes (ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0056
2017 Wikberg E, Jack KM, Fedigan LM, Campos FA, Sto A, Bergstrom M, Hiwatashi T, Kawamura S. Inbreeding avoidance and female mate choice shape reproductive skew in capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator). Molecular Ecol: 26(2):653-667. doi: 10.1111/mec.13898
2017 Kalbitzer U, Bergstrom ML, Carnegie SD, Wikberg EC, Kawamura S, Campos FA, Jack KM, Fedigan LM. Female sociality and sexual conflict shape offspring survival in a Neotropical primate.Proc Nat Acad Sci: doi: 10.1073/pnas1608625114
2016 Colchero, F, Rau R, Jones O, Barthold J, Conde DA, Lenart A, Nemeth L, Scheuerlein A, Schoeley J, Torres C, Zarulli V, Altmann J, Brockman DK, Bronikowski AM, Fedigan LM, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Strier KB, Baudisch A, Alberts S, Vaupel JW. The emergence of longevous populations. Proc Nat Acad Sci: doi: 10.1073/pnas.1612191113
2016 Hogan J, Melin A, Mosdossy K, Fedigan LM. Seasonal importance of flowers to capuchins (Cebus capucinus): implications for plants and primates. Am J Phys Anth, 161: 591-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23059
2016 Vayro J, Fedigan L, Ziegler T, Crotty A, Ataman R, Clendenning R, Potvin-Rosselet E, Wikberg E, Sicotte P. Hormonal correlates of life history characteristics in wild female Collobus vellerosus. Primates 57(4):509-19. doi: 10.1007/s10329-016-0551-1
2016 Bronikowski A, Cords M, Alberts S, Altmann J, Brockman D, Fedigan L, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Strier K, Morris W. Female and male life tables of seven wild primate species. Sci Data 3:160006 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.6
2016 Sargeant E, Wikberg E, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM. Paternal kin recognition and infant care in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Primatol 78: 659-668. doi:10.1002/ajp.22530
2016 Schoof V, Bonnell T, Jack K, Ziegler T, Fedigan LM. Male endocrine response to seasonally varying environmental and social factors in a neotropical primate, Cebus capucinus. Am J Phys Anth 159: 671-682. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22925
2015 Sargeant E, Wikberg EC, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM. Allonursing in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) provides evidence for cooperative care of infants. Behaviour. 152: 11841-1869. doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003308
2015 Mosdossy KN, Melin AD, Fedigan LM. Quantifying seasonal fallback on invertebrates, pith and bromeliad leaves by white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in a tropical dry forest. Am J Phys Anth 150: 67-77. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22767
2015 Valenta K, Hopkins M, Meeking M, Chapman C, Fedigan LM. Spatial patterns of primary seed dispersal and adult tree distributions: Genipa americana dispersed by Cebus capucinus. J Trop Ecol doi: 10.1017/S0266467415000413
2015 Fedigan LM. Dominance rank in primates. In: The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. P. Whelehan & A. Bolin (eds). Malden, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p. 305-306. ISBN: 978-1-405-19006-0
2015 Turner SE & Fedigan LM. Birth in primates. In: The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. P. Whelehan & A. Bolin (eds). Malden, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p. 1-2. ISBN: 978-1-405-19006-0
2015 Fedigan LM & Pavelka MSM. Menopause in primates. In: The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. P. Whelehan & A. Bolin (eds). Malden, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., p. 721-727 ISBN: 978-1-405-19006-0
2015 Schoof V, Wikberg E, Jack K, Fedigan L, Ziegler T, Kawamura S. Infanticide during periods of social stability: kinship, resumption of ovarian cycling and mating access in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Neotropical Primates 21:192-196.https://doi.org/10.1896/044.021.0206
2015 Campos FA, Jack KM, Fedigan LM. Climate oscillations and conservation measures regulate white-faced capuchin population growth and demography in a regenerating tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Biol. Conservation 186:204-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.017
2015 Fedigan LM. A brief history of primatology in Canada. In: The Human Voyage, 2nd edition. A Keenleyside & R Lazenby (eds). Nelson Press., p. 122
2014 Fedigan LM, Melin AD, Addicott JF, Kawamura S. The heterozygote superiority hypothesis for polymorphic color vision is not supported by long-term fitness data from wild neotropical monkeys. PLoS One 9(1): e84872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084872.
2014 Pasquaretta C, Leve M, Claidiere N, Van de Waal E, Whiten A, MacIntosh AJJ, Pele M, Bergstrom ML, Borgeaud C, Brosnan SF, Crofoot MC, Fedigan LM, Fichtel C, Hopper LM, Mareno MC, Petit O, Schnoell AV, Polizzi di Sorrentino E, Thierry B, Tiddi B, Sueur C. Social networks in primates: smart and tolerant species have more efficient networks. Scientific Reports 4:7600 DOI 10.1038/srep07600
2014 Fedigan, LM. Questions my mother asked me: an inside view of a thirty-year primate project in Costa Rica. In: Primate Ethnographies. K.B. Strier (ed.) Pearson/Prentice Hall. eBook ISBN9781315663128
2014 Campos FA, Bergstrom ML, Childers A, Hogan JD, Jack KM, Melin AD, Mosdossy KN, Myers MS, Parr NA, Sargeant E, Schoof VA, Fedigan LM. Drivers of home range characteristics across spatiotemporal scales in a Neotropical Primate. Anim Behav 91: 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.007
2014 Turner SE, Fedigan LM, Mathhews HD, Nakamichi M. Social consequences of disability in nonhuman primates. J Hum Evol http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.01.002.
2014 Campos FA, Fedigan LM. Spatial ecology of perceived predation risk and vigilance behavior in white-faced capuchins. Beh Ecol DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru005
2014 Melin AM, Young HC, Mosdossy KN, Fedigan LM. Seasonality, extractive foraging and the evolution of primate sensory motor intelligence. J Hum Evol 71: 77-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.009
2014 Wikberg EC, Jack KM, Campos FA, Fedigan LM, Sato A, Bergstrom ML, Hiwatashi T, Kawamura S. The effect of male parallel dispersal on group composition in white-faced capuchins. Anim Behav 96: 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.07.016
2014 Jack KM, Schoof VA, Sheller CR, Rich CI, Klingelhofer PP, Ziegler TE, Fedigan LM. Hormonal correlates of male life history stages in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). Gen & Comp Endocrin 195:58-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.010
2014 Melin AM, Hiramatsu C, Parr N, Matsusuhita Y, Kawamura S, Fedigan LM. The behavioral ecology of color vision: considering fruit conspicuity, detection distance and dietary importance. Int J Primatol 35: 258-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9730-8
2013 Parr NA, Fedigan LM. Predictors of parasitism in wild white-faced capuchins. Int J Primatol. DOI:10.1007/s10764-013-9728-2.
2013 Alberts S, Altmann J, Brockman D, Cords M, Fedigan L, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Strier K, Morris W, Bronikowski A. Reproductive aging patterns in primates reveal that humans are distinct. Proc Nat Acad Sci 10.1073/pnas.1311857110
2013 Melin AM, Kline D, Hickey C, Fedigan LM. Food search through the eyes of a monkey: a functional substitution approach for assessing the ecology of primate color vision. Vision Research 86: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2013.04.013
2013 Campos FA & Fedigan LM. Urine washing in white-faced capuchins. A new look at an old puzzle. Behaviour 150: 763-798. DOI:10.1163/1568539X-00003080
2013 Parr NA, Fedigan LM, Kutz SJ. A coprological survey of parasites in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) from Sector Santa Rosa, ACG, Costa Rica. Folia primatol 84: 102-114 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000348287
2013 Fedigan LM & Jack KM. Sexual conflict in white-faced capuchins: it’s not whether you win or lose. In: Evolution’s Empress: Darwinian Perspectives on Women. M.L. Fisher, J.R. Garcia, R.S. Chang (eds). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 281-303. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892747.003.0014
2013 Bergstrom M & Fedigan LM. Dominance style of female white-faced capuchins. AJPA 150: 591- 601 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22231
2012 Laurence, W (and ~205 other authors including Fedigan, LM) Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical protected areas. Nature 489: 290-294 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318
2012 Melin AD, Hiramatsu C, Fedigan LM, Schaffner CM, Aureli F, Kawamura S. Polymorphism and adaptation of primate color vision. In: Evolutionary Biology: Mechanisms and Trends. P.Pontarotti (ed) Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp. 225-241 10.1007/978-3-642-30425-5_13
2012 Turner S, Fedigan LM, Matthews D, Nakamichi M. Disability, compensatory behavior and innovation in free-ranging adult female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am J Primatol 74:788–803. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22029
2012 Gogarten J, Chapman C, Cords M, Doran-Sheehy D, Fedigan L, Grine F, Perry S, Pusey A, Sterck E, Wich S, Wright P. Seasonal mortality patterns in non-human primates: implications for variation in selection pressures across environments. Evolution 66-10: 3252-3266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01668.x
2012 Kawamura S, Hiramatsu C, Melin AD, Schaffner CM, Aureli F & Fedigan LM. Polymorphic color vision in primates: evolutionary considerations. In: Post Genome Biology of Primates. H Hirai, H Imai & Y Go (eds). Tokyo, Japan: Springer, pp. 93-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54011-3_7
2012 Fedigan LM & Jack KM. Tracking monkeys in Santa Rosa: lessons from a regenerating tropical dry forest. In: Long-term Field Studies of Primates. P Kappeler & D Watts (eds) Springer Press, pp. 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22514-7_8
2012 Huffman MA, Fedigan LM, Vasey PL, Leca JB. A brief historical time-line of research on the Arashiyama macaques. In: The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. JB Leca, MA Huffman & P Vasey (eds) Cambridge University Press, pp. 13-27. ISBN: 9780521761857
2012 Pavelka MSM & Fedigan LM. Costs and benefits of old age reproduction in the Arashiyama West female Japanese macaques. In: The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. JB Leca, MA Huffman & P Vasey (eds) Cambridge University Press, pp. 131-152 ISBN: 9780521761857
2012 Jack KM, Sheller C, Fedigan LM. Social factors influencing natal dispersal in male white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) Am J Primatol 74: 359-365 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20974
2012 Lynch Alfaro, JW, Matthews L, Boyette AH, Macfarlan SJ, Phillips KA, Falotic T, Ottoni E, Verderane M, Izar P, Schulte M, Melin A, Fedigan L, Janson C, Alfaro ME. Anointing variation across wild capuchin populations: a review of material preferences, bout frequency and anointing sociality in Cebus and Sapajus. Am J Primatol 74: 299-314 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20971
2011 Fedigan LM & Jack K. Two girls for every boy: the effects of group size and composition on the reproductive success of male and female white-faced capuchins. AJPA 144: 317-326.
2011 Parr N, Melin AD, Fedigan LM. Figs are more than fallback foods: the relationship between Ficus and Cebus in a tropical dry forest. Int J Zool doi:10.1155/2011/967274.
2011 Carnegie SD, Fedigan LM, Melin AD. Reproductive seasonality in female capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa (Area de Conservación Guanacaste), Costa Rica. Int J Primatol 32: 1076-1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9523-x
2011 Carnegie, SD, Fedigan LM, Ziegler T. Social and environmental factors affecting fecal glucocorticoids in wild, female white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Primatol 73: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20954
2011 Carnegie SD, Fedigan LM, Melin AD. Reproductive seasonality in female capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa (Area de Conservacion Guanacaste), Costa Rica. Int J Primatol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9523-x
2011 Bronikowski A, Altmann J, Brockman D, Cords M, Fedigan L, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Morris W, Strier K, Alberts S. Aging in the natural world: comparative data reveal similar morphological patterns across primates. Science 331: 1325-1328 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201571
2011 Morris W, Altmann J, Brockman D, Cords M, Fedigan L, Pusey A, Stoinski T. Low demographic variability in wild primate populations: fitness impacts of variation, covariation and serial correlation in vital rates. Am Nat. 177: E14-E28 https://doi.org/10.1086/657443
2011 Holmes TD, Bergstrom ML, Fedigan LM. Sleep site selection by white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Ecol & Environmental Anthropology 6: 1-9.
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2010 Pavelka, MSM & Fedigan, LM. Do nonhuman primate females experience menopause? In A Human Voyage. A. Keenleyside and R. Lazenby (eds.) Toronto: Thomson Nelson Publishers.
2010 Fedigan, LM & Pavelka, MSM. Menopause: interspecific comparisons of reproductive termination in female primates. In Primates in Perspective, 2nd Edition. C Campbell, A Fuentes, K MacKinnon, S Bearder & R Stumpf (eds) Oxford University Press: New York, pp. 488-498
2010 Fedigan LM. Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: asking the relevant questions. Am J Primatol 72: 754-771.
2010 Bergstrom ML & Fedigan LM. Dominance among female white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus): hierarchical linearity, nepotism, strength and stability. Behaviour 147: 899-931.
2010 Melin AD, Fedigan LM, Young HC & Kawamura S. Can color vision explain sex differences in insect foraging by capuchin monkeys? Curr Zoo 56(3): 300-312.
2010 Strier K, Altmann J, Brockman D, Bronikowski A, Cords M, Fedigan L, Lapp H, Liu X, Morris W, Pusey A, Stoinski T, Alberts S. The primate life history database: a unique shared ecological data resource. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 1: 199-211.
2010 Hiwatashi T, Okabe Y, Tsutsui T, Hiramatsu C, Melin AD, Ooota H, Schaffner C, Aureli F, Fedigan LM, Innan H, Kawamura S. An explicit signature of balancing selection for color-vision variation in New World monkeys. Molecular Bio and Evol. 27(2): 453-464.
2010 Turner SE, Fedigan LM, Nakamichi M, Matthews HD, McKenna K, Nobuhara H, Nobuhara T, Shimizu K. Birth in free-ranging Macaca fuscata. Int J Primatol 31: 15-37.
2010 Valenta K & Fedigan LM. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal by white-faced: evaluations of distant-dependent seed mortality. Biotropica. 31: 15-37.
2009 Melin AD, Fedigan LM, Hiramatsu C, Hiwatashi T, Parr N, Kawamura S. Fig foraging by dichromatic and trichromatic white-faced capuchin monkeys in a tropical dry forest. Int J Primatol 30: 753-775.
2009 Fedigan LM. (Reprinted) The paradox of feminist primatology. In Women, Science and Technology (2nd ed). M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Giesman, H. Ozturk, & M. Wayne (eds.) Routledge: New York, pp.256-270.
2009 Jack K & Fedigan LM. Female dispersal in a female-philopatric species, Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 146: 471-497.
2009 Valenta, K & Fedigan, LM. Effect of gut passage, feces and seed handling on latency and rate of germination in seeds consumed by capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Phys Anth 138: 486-492.
2009 Valenta K, Fedigan LM, Klemens J. Sleep tree use by white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): implications for density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. Neotropical Primates 16: 73-76.
2009 Campos FA & Fedigan LM. Behavioral adaptations to heat stress and water scarcity in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Am J Phys Anth 138: 101-111.
2008 Valenta, K & Fedigan, LM. How much is a lot? Seed dispersal by white-faced capuchins and implications for disperser-based studies of seed dispersal systems. Primates 49: 169-175.
2008 Fedigan LM. Primatologists who focus on females/gender. In Women, Science and Myth. S.V. Rosser (ed) ABC, CLIO, Inc: Santa Barbara, pp.357-364.
2008 Fedigan LM, Carnegie SD & Jack K. Predictors of reproductive success in female white-faced capuchins. Am J Phys Anth 137: 82-90.
2008 Turner SE, Fedigan LM, Nobuhara H, Nobuhara T, Matthews HD, & Nakamichi N. Monkeys with disabilities: prevalence and severity of congenital limb malformations in Macaca fuscata on Awaji Island. Primates 49: 223-226.
2008 Jack, K, Lenz, B, Healan, S, Rudman, V, Schoof, V, Fedigan, L. The effects of observer presence on the behavior of Cebus capucinus in Costa Rica. Am J Primatol 70(5): 490-494.
2008 Young, H, Fedigan, LM, & Addicott, JF. Look before leaping: foraging selectivity of capuchin monkeys on acacia trees in Costa Rica. Oecologica 155:85-92.
2008 Melin, A, Fedigan LM, Hiramatsu, C & Kawamura, S. Polymorphic color vision in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): is there foraging niche divergence among phenotypes? Beh Ecol Sociobiol 62:659-670.
2007 Digweed, SM, Fedigan, LM & Rendall, D. Who cares who calls: selective responses to the lost calls of socially dominant group members in the white-faced capuchin. Am J Primatol 69(7): 829-835.
2007 McCabe, GM & Fedigan, LM. Effects of reproductive status on energy intake, ingestion rates and dietary composition of female (Cebus capucinus) at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Int J Primatol 28(4): 837-851.
2007 Melin, A, Fedigan, LM, Hiramatsu, C, Sendall, C & Kawamura, S. Effect of color vision phenotype on insect capture by a free-ranging population of white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus. Anim Behav 73(1):205-214.
2007 Fedigan, LM & Pavelka, MSM. Reproductive cessation in female primates: comparisons of Japanese macaques and humans. In: Primates in Perspective. C Campbell, A Fuentes, K MacKinnon, M Panger and S Bearder (eds) Oxford University Press, pp.437-447.
2006 O'Neill, A, Fedigan, LM & Ziegler, T. Hormonal correlates of post-conceptive mating in female Japanese macaques. Lab Prim News 45(3):1-4.
2006 DeGama, H & Fedigan, LM. Effects of forest fragment area, isolation, age, habitat type and water availability on monkey density in a tropical dry forest. In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior and Conservation. A Estrada, P Garber, M Pavelka and L Luecke (eds) Kluwer Press, pp.165-188.
2006 Jack, K & Fedigan, LM. Why be alpha male? Dominance and reproductive success in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior and Conservation. A Estrada, P Garber, M Pavelka and L Luecke (eds) Kluwer Press, pp.367-386.
2006 Carnegie, S, Fedigan, LM & Ziegler, T. Post-conceptive mating in white-faced capuchins: hormonal and sociosexual patterns in cycling, non-cycling and pregnant females. In: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior and Conservation. A Estrada, P Garber, M Pavelka and L Luecke (eds) Kluwer Press, pp.387-409.
2005 Hiramatsu, C, Tsutsui, T, Matsumoto, Y, Aureli, F, Fedigan, LM, Kawamura, S. Color vision polymorphism in wild capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Am J Primatol 67(4):447-462.
2005 Digweed, S, Fedigan, LM & Rendall, D. Variable specificity in the anti-predator vocalizations and behaviour of the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 142(8):997-1021.
2005 O'Malley, RC & Fedigan, LM. Variability in food processing behavior among white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Am J Phys Anthropol 128(1):63-73.
2005 O'Malley, R & Fedigan, LM. Evaluating social influences on food processing behavior in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J of Phys Anthropol 127(4):481-491.
2005 Carnegie, SD, Fedigan, LM & Ziegler, T. Behavioral indicators of ovarian phase in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Am J Primatol 67(1):51-68.
2005 Fedigan, LM. Primatology is an equal-opportunity science. In: Gendered Intersections: An Introduction to Women's and Gender Studies. CL Biggs and PJ Downe (eds) Fernwood Publishing, pp.362-366.
2004 Fedigan, LM. Zen and the art of monkey-watching. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. M Bekoff (ed) Greenwood Press, pp.763-766.
2004 O'Neill, A, Fedigan, LM & Ziegler, T. The relationship between ovarian cycle phase and sexual behavior in female Japanese macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol 125(4):352-362.
2004 Fedigan, LM & Jack, K. The demographic and reproductive context of male replacements in Cebus capucinus. Behaviour 141: 755-775.
2004 O'Neill, A, Fedigan, LM & Ziegler, T. Ovarian cycle phase and same-sex mating behavior in Japanese macaque females. Am J Primatol 63(1):25-31.
2004 Jack, K & Fedigan, LM. Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) Part 1: patterns and causes of natal emigration. Anim Behav 67(4): 761-769.
2004 Jack, K & Fedigan, LM. Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) Part 2: patterns and causes of secondary dispersal. Anim Behav 67(4): 771-782.
2003 Perry, S, Panger, M, Rose, L, Baker, M, Gros-Louis, J, Jack, K, MacKinnon, K, Manson, J, Fedigan, L, & Pyle, K. Traditions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys. In:The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. D Fragaszy and S Perry (eds) Cambridge University Press. pp.391-425.
2003 Fedigan, LM. The impact of male take-overs on infant deaths, births and conceptions in Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Int J Primatol 24(4): 723-741.
2003 Perry, S, Baker, M, Fedigan, L, Gros-Louis, J, Jack, K, MacKinnon, K, Manson, J, Panger, M, Pyle, K, Rose, L. Social conventions in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys: evidence for traditions in a neotropical primate. Curr Anth 44(2):241-268.
2002 Pavelka, MSM, Fedigan, LM, & Zohar, S. Availability and adaptive value of reproductive and post-reproductive Japanese macaque mothers and grandmothers. Anim Behav 64:407-14.
2001 Fedigan, LM & Jack, K. Neotropical primates in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest. Int J Primatol 22(5):689-713.
2001 Fedigan, LM. The paradox of feminist primatology - the Goddess's Discipline? In: Feminism in Twentieth Century Science, Medicine and Technology. A Creager, E Lunbeck and L Schiebinger (eds) University of Chicago Press, pp. 46-72.
2001 Fedigan, LM & Pavelka, MSM. Is there adaptive value to reproductive termination in Japanese macaques? A test of maternal investment hypotheses. Int J Prim 22(2):109-125.
2000 Fedigan, LM. A view on the science: physical anthropology at the millenium. Am J Phys Anthropol 113(4):451-454.
2000 Fedigan, L.M. Gender Encounters. In: Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender and Society. SC Strum and LM Fedigan (eds) University of Chicago Press, pp.498-520.
2000 Strum,SC & Fedigan, LM. Changing views of primate society: a situated North American perspective. In: Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender and Society. SC Strum and LM Fedigan (eds) University of Chicago Press, pp.3-49.
2000 Strum, SC & Fedigan, LM. The future of primates and primate studies. In: Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender and Society. SC Strum and LM Fedigan (eds) University of Chicago Press, pp.523-540.
2000 Sorensen, T & Fedigan, LM. Distribution of three monkey species along a gradient of regenerating tropical dry forest. Biological Conservation 92:227-240.
2000 Fedigan, LM. Primatology. In: Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women's Studies. C Kramerae and D Spender (eds) New York: Routledge Press, pp.1668-1690.
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1999 Pavelka, MSM & Fedigan, LM. Reproductive termination in female Japanese monkeys: a comparative life history perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 109(4):455-464.
1999 Fedigan, LM & Strum, SC. A brief history of primate studies: national traditions, disciplinary origins, and stages in North American field research. In: The Nonhuman Primates. P Dolhinow and A Fuentes (eds) Mayfield Press, pp. 258-269.
1999 Strum, SC & Fedigan, LM. Theory, method, gender and culture: what changed our views of primate society? In: The New Physical Anthropology. SC Strum and DG Lindburg (eds) Prentice Hall, pp.67-105.
1998 Fedigan, LM, Rose, LM & Avila, R M. Growth of mantled howler groups in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest. Int J Primatol 19:405-432.
1997 Fedigan, LM & Strum, SC. Changing images of primate societies. Curr Anth 38:677-681.
1997 Hall, CL & Fedigan, LM. Spatial benefits afforded by high rank in white-faced capuchins. Anim Behav 53:1069-1082.
1997 Fedigan, LM Is primatology a feminist science? In: Women in Human Evolution. L Hager (ed) Routledge Press, pp.56-75.
1997 Fedigan, LM. Changing views of female life histories. In: The Evolving Female: A Life History Perspective. ME Morbeck, A Galloway and AL Zihlman (eds) Princeton University Press, pp.15-26.
1997 Gould, L, Fedigan, LM & Rose, LM. Why be vigilant? The case of the alpha animal. Int J Primatol 18:401-414.
1996 Fedigan, LM & Zohar, S. Sex differences in mortality of Japanese macaques: 21 years of data from the Arashiyama West population. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:161-175.
1996 Fedigan, LM, Rose, LM, & Avila, RM. See how they grow: tracking capuchin monkey populations in a regenerating Costa Rican dry forest. In: Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. M Norconk, A Rosenberger and P Garber (eds) Plenum Publishing, pp.289-307.
1996 Fedigan, LM, Rosenberger, AL, Boinski, S, Norconk MA & Garber, P. Critical issues in cebine evolution and behavior. In: Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates. M. Norconk et al. (eds) Plenum Publishing pp.219-228.
1996 Fedigan, LM. Foreword. In: Monkeys of the Mesquite. The Social Life of the South Texas Snow Monkey. MSM Pavelka. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing (Second Printing).
1996 Fedigan, LM & Griffin, L. Determinants of reproductive seasonality in Japanese macaques. In: Evolution and Ecology of Macaque Societies, JE Fa and DG Lindburg (eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.368-87.
1995 Rose, LM & Fedigan, LM. Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in Costa Rica. Anim Behav 49: 63-70.
1995 Fedigan, LM & Rose, LM. Interbirth interval variation in three sympatric species of neotropical monkeys. Am J Primatol 37:9-24.
1994 Fedigan, LM & Pavelka, MSM. The physical anthropology of menopause. In: Strength in Diversity: A Reader in Physical Anthropology. A Herring and L Chan (eds) Canadian Scholars Press, Inc., pp.103-126.
1994 Fedigan, LM. Science and the successful female: Why there are so many women primatologists. American Anthropologist 96:529-40.
1993 Fedigan, LM. Sex differences and intersexual relations in adult white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Int J Primatol 14:853-877.
1993 Fedigan, LM. The changing role of women in models of human evolution. In: The Human Evolution Sourcebook, RL Ciocchon, JG Fleagle (eds) Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, pp.243-259 (reprinted from 1986 paper).
1992 Fedigan, LM. Neither a genre of feminism or of ethical naturalism: primatology as a source of naturalistic truth and fallacy. Politics and the Life Sciences 11:172-74.
1992 Fedigan, LM & Asquith, PJ. The history of Arashiyama research as a microcosm of larger trends in primatology. In: Topics in Primatology, Vol. 2, Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. N Itoigawa, Y Sugiyana, GP Sackett, and RKR Thompson (eds) Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp 67-77.
1992 Fedigan, LM. Preface. In: Social Processes and Mental Abilities in Non-human Primates. FD Burton (ed) Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, pp III-IV.
1992 Fedigan, LM. The role of women in models of human evolution. In: Inventing Women. G Kirkup, LS Keller (eds) Cambridge U.K.: Polity Press, pp.102-22 (reprinted from 1986 paper).
1991 Pavelka, MSM & Fedigan, LM. Menopause. A comparative life history perspective. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:13-38.
1991 Glander, K, Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L & Chapman, C. Field methods for capture and measurement of three monkey species in Costa Rica. Folia primatol 57:70-82.
1990 Fedigan, LM. Vertebrate predation in Cebus capucinus: meat eating in a neotropical monkey. Folia primatol 54:196-205.
1990 Chapman, C & Fedigan, LM. Dietary differences between neighboring Cebus capucinus groups: local traditions, food availability or response to food profitability? Folia primatol 54:177-186.
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1989 Fedigan, LM & Fedigan, L. Gender and the Study of Primates. In: Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Teaching and Research. S Morgan (ed) Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, pp. 41-64.
1989 Chapman, C, Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L & Chapman, LJ. Post weaning resource competition and sex ratios in spider monkeys. Oikos 54:315-319.
1988 Fedigan, L & Fedigan, LM. Cercopithecus aethiops: a review of field studies. In: A Primate Radiation. Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons. A Gautier Hion, F Bourliere, JP Gautier, J Kingdon (eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.389-411.
1988 Chapman, C, Fedigan, LM & Fedigan, L. Ecological and demographic influences on the pattern of association in St. Kitts vervets. Primates 29:417-421.
1988 Chapman, C, Fedigan, LM & Fedigan, L. A comparison of transect methods of estimating population density of Costa Rican primates. Brenesia 30:67-80.
1988 Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L, Chapman, C, & Glander, K. Spider monkey home ranges: a comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation. Am J Primatol 16:19-29.
1986 Fedigan, LM. The changing role of women in models of human evolution. Ann Rev Anthropol 15:25-66.
1986 Fedigan, LM. Demographic trends in the Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus populations in Santa Rosa Park, Costa Rica. In: Primate Ecology and Conservation. J Else and P Lee (eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.285-293.
1986 Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L, Gouzoules, H, Gouzoules, S & Koyama, N. Lifetime reproductive success in female Japanese macaques. Folia Primatol 47:143-157.
1985 Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L & Chapman, C. A census of Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus monkeys in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Brenesia 23:309-322.
1984 Chapman, C & Fedigan, LM. Territoriality in the St. Kitts vervet monkey. Journal of Human Evolution 13:677- 686.
1984 Gouzoules, H, Fedigan, LM, Gouzoules, S & Fedigan, L. Comments on reproductive senescence among female Japanese macaques. Journal of Mammalogy 65:341-342
1984 Fedigan, LM, Fedigan, L, & Chapman, C. A demographic model of colonization by a population of St. Kitts vervet monkeys. Folia Primatol 42:194-202.
1984 Fedigan, LM & Baxter, J. Sex differences and social organization in free ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Primates 25(3):279-294.
1984 Fedigan, LM. Sex ratios and sex differences in primatology. Am J Primatol 7:305-308.
1984 Lucotte, G, Fedigan, LM & Fedigan, L. Effets d'echantillonage sur la variation electrophoretique chez Macaca fuscata, Biochem Syst Ecol 12: 349-351.
1983 Fedigan, LM, Gouzoules, H & Gouzoules, S. Population dynamics of Arashiyama West Japanese Monkeys. Int J Primatol 3:307-321.
1983 Fedigan, LM, Dominance and reproductive success in primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 26:85-123.
1982 Gouzoules, H, Gouzoules, S & Fedigan, LM. Behavioral dominance and reproductive success in female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Anim Behav 30:1138-1150.
1981 Gouzoules, H., Gouzoules, S. and Fedigan, L.M., Japanese monkey group translocation: effects on seasonal breeding, International Journal of Primatology 2:323-334.
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1979 Baxter, J & Fedigan, LM. Grooming and consort partner selection in a troop of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Archives of Sexual Behavior 8:445-458.
1978 Fedigan, LM & Gouzoules, H. The consort relationship in a troop of Japanese monkeys. In: Recent Advances in Primatology. DJ Chivers (ed) London: Academic Press, pp.493-495.
1976 Fedigan, LM & Fedigan L. The social development of a handicapped infant in a free living troop of Japanese monkeys. In: Primate Biosocial Development. FE Poirier & S Chevalier Skolnikoff (eds) New York: Garland Press, pp. 205-222.
1975 Gouzoules, H, Fedigan, LM & Fedigan, L. Responses of a transplanted troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to bobcat (Lynx rufus) predation. Primates 16:335-349.
1975 Joiner, GN, Russell, LH, Bush, DE, Gleiser, CA, Johnson, TD, Fedigan, L & Fedigan, LM. A spontaneous neuropathy of free ranging Japanese macaques. Laboratory Animal Science 25:232 237.
1972 Fedigan, LM. Roles and activities of male geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Behaviour 4l:82-90.
1972 Fedigan, LM. Social and solitary play in a colony of vervet monkeys (Cercopithec